DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ASSESSING ATTACHMENT DISORDERS (ETRAD-Q)

Key publications:

Monette, S., Cyr, C., Terradas, M. M., Couture, S., Minnis, H., & Lehmann, S. (2022). Development and validation of a measure of attachment disorders based on DSM-5 criteria: The Early TRAuma-related Disorders Questionnaire (ETRADQ). Assessment, 29(3), 556–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120981763

Monette, S., Terradas, M.M., Boudreault, M. Y., Carrier, A., Ruest-Bélanger, A., Robert, A., Archambault, M., Cyr, C., & Couture, S. (2018). Troubles de l’attachement : validation d’un questionnaire basé sur le DSM-5 [Attachment disorders: Validation of a questionnaire based on the DSM-5]. Enfance, 4, 511–532. https://www.cairn.info/revue-enfance-2018-4-page-511.htm?ref=doi

The Early TRAuma-related Disorders Questionnaire (ETRAD-Q) is a standardized questionnaire serving to assess attachment disorders, that is, reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED). It is the only RAD and DSED questionnaire updated to the new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria that has undergone a full validation process. We have had a validation study of a short version of the Q-TOP published in the French-language journal Enfance (Monette et al., 2018) and a validation study of the complete version published in Assessment (Monette et al., 2002). A replication of these validation analyses on an independent sample and additional analyses, as well as normative data, are available in the technical manual (Monette, 2024). The ETRAD-Q kit (questionnaire, technical manual and corrector) is available in the “Instruments” section of the site

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REVISION OF THE CAPA-RAD INTERVIEW (NOW CALLED THE RADA)

Key publication:

Lehmann, S., Monette, S., Egger, H., Breivik, K., Young, D., Davidson, C., & Minnis, H. (2020). Development and examination of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview. Assessment, 27(4), 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118797422

Archambault, M., Monette, S., Cyr, C., Minnis, H., & Lehmann, S. (2024). Validation of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment (RADA): A DSM-5 Semi-Structured Interview. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911241276625

The CAPA-RAD (Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment – reactive attachment disorder section) was a well-known, validated interview for assessing RAD and DSED. However, a revision of the instrument became necessary in order to integrate the changes made to diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. In 2016, we collaborated in updating the instrument with Stine Lehmann (Norway) and Helen Minnis (UK), who created the instrument. A validation study (Lehmann et al., 2020) was published in the scientific journal Assessment. We recently submitted an article on the validation of the French-language version of the RADA on a sample of 368 children 5 to 12 years old from the community (n = 98), in foster care (n = 147), and in residential care (n = 123). The results indicate that the RADA interview possesses excellent psychometric properties in terms of inter-rater reliability, factor validity, convergent validity, and known-groups validity. Our data suggest also a RAD rate of less than 1% and a DSED rate of 18% for children in foster care and a RAD rate of 7% and a DSED rate of 10% for children in residential care.

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REVISION OF THE MODIFIED MALTREATMENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (MMCS)

Key publications:

Full validation study to come: Monette, S, Helie, S. Collin-Vézina, D., Trocmé, N., Esposito, T. (in preparation). The Extended Modified Maltreatment Classification System (EMMCS): A Validation Study.

As part of our research projects, we undertook a complete revision of the Modified Maltreatment Classification System (MMCS; English et al., 1997), which is the instrument most used in research to document the numerous dimensions of maltreatment (types and subtypes of maltreatment, maximum severity by subtype, frequency of events by subtype, developmental period of exposure, chronicity) exhaustively from CPS reports. We are working on an article on the validation of this revision of the MMCS (now called the Extended Modified Maltreatment Classification System : EMMCS), which now covers many more subtypes of maltreatment, as well as parental risk factors and other adverse childhood experiences/risk factors. The instrument has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability and convergent validity and our work suggests that, compared against CPS administrative data, rates for maltreatment subtypes are generally 2 to 7 times higher when narrative reports are coded using the EMMCS.

ARTICLES submitted/published

18. Guillemette, R. Terradas, M.T., Monette, S. (2024). Classification et représentations d’attachement et comportements intériorisés et extériorisés des enfants de la protection de l’enfance [Classification and representations of attachment and internalized and externalized behaviors of children in child protection]. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(3), 100440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100440

17. Guillemette, R., Monette, S. Terradas, M.T. (soumis). Attachment classification and manifestations of attachment disorders in maltreated children. Attachment and Human Development

16. Monette, S., Long, M.C., O’Leary, A., Cyr, C., Terradas, M. M., & Couture, S. (2025). Mental disorder diagnoses and symptoms and functional impairment in school-age children in the care of child protective services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 159, 107155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107155

15. Archambault, M., Cyr, C., Minnis, H., Lehmann, S. & Monette, S. (2024). Validation of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview (RADA) in a sample of French-Canadian school age children. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911241276625
16. Landry, A., Couture, S., Laurier, C., & Monette, S. (2024) Traumatic Experiences and High-Risk Behaviors Among Runaway Youth in Residential Care Centers: The Influence of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 33(6), 662-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2024.2327002
17. Bertrand, J.A., Chartrand, J.-P., Gauthier, A.-K., Kennepohl, S. & Monette, S. (2023). Validité de performance aux tests neuropsychologiques: prise de position de l’Association québécoise des neuropsychologues. Neuropsychologie Clinique et Appliquée/Applied and Clinical Neuropsychology (NCACN) http://ncacn.umontreal.ca/assets/files/Bertrand2023.pdf
18. Monette, S., Bertrand, J.-A., Perreau-Linck, E., Ramos-Usuga, D., Rivera, D., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2023). The profession of neuropsychologist in Canada: Findings of a national survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 37(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.2002934
19. Couture, S., Hébert, S. T., Laurier, C., Monette, S., Hélie, S., & Lafortune, D. (2022). Profile of runaway youths from residential care centers: Variation in risk-taking propensity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(1), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12612
20. Zephyr, L., Cyr, C., Monette, S., Archambault, M., Lehmann, S., & Minnis, H. (2021). Meta-analyses of the associations between disinhibited social engagement behaviors and child attachment insecurity or disorganization. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(7), 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00777-1
21. Zephyr, L., Cyr, C., Monette, S., Langlois, V., Cyr-Desautels, L., & Archambault, M. (2021). Disinhibited social engagement behaviors in young maltreated children: Dysfunctional behavior of biological parents and child attachment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 111, 104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104791
22. Monette, S., Cyr, C., Terradas, M. M., Couture, S., Minnis, H., & Lehmann, S. (2022). Development and validation of a measure of attachment disorders based on DSM-5 criteria: The Early TRAuma-Related Disorders Questionnaire (ETRADQ). Assessment, 29(3), 556–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120981763
23. Lehmann, S., Breivik, K., Monette, S., & Minnis, H. (2020). Potentially traumatic events in foster youth, and association with DSM-5 trauma- and stressor related symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104374
24. Monette, S., Terradas, M. M., Boudreault, M. Y., Carrier, A., Ruest-Bélanger, A., Robert, A., Archambault, M., Cyr, C., & Couture, S. (2018). Troubles de l’attachement : validation d’un questionnaire basé sur le DSM-5 [Attachment disorders: Validation of a DSM-5-based questionnaire]. Enfance, 4, 511–532. https://www.cairn.info/revue-enfance-2018-4-page-511.htm?ref=doi
25. Lehmann, S., Monette, S., Egger, H., Breivik, K., Young, D., Davidson, C., & Minnis, H. (2020). Development and examination of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview. Assessment, 27(4), 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118797422
26. Monette, S., Bigras, M., & Lafrenière, M.-A. (2015). Structure of executive functions in typically developing kindergarteners. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 140, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.07.005
27. Monette, S., Bigras, M., & Guay, M. C. (2015). Executive functions in kindergarteners with high levels of disruptive behaviours. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12105
28. Monette, S., Bigras, M., & Guay, M. C. (2011). The role of executive functions in school achievement at the end of grade 1. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.008
29. Monette, S., & Bigras, M. (2008). La mesure des fonctions exécutives chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire [The measurement of the executive functions in pre-school aged children]. Psychologie canadienne/Canadian Psychology, 49, 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014000

Research reports

Hélie, S., Monette, S., Collin-Vézina, D., Esposito, T., & Trocmé, N. (2023). Utilisation d’un outil de codage standardisé de la maltraitance dans le cadre de l’Étude d’incidence québécoise sur les enfants évalués en protection de la jeunesse (ÉIQ) : Rapport préliminaire à l’intention de l’Agence de santé publique du Canada (ASPC) [Use of a standardized instrument for coding maltreatment in the Quebec Incidence Survey of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (QIS): A preliminary report submitted to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)].

POSTER presentations at events (peer-reviewed)

Numerous posters presented at local and international events are available here: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sebastien-Mone